Peptic Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

A peptic ulcer is an open sore that forms in the lining of the stomach, small intestine (duodenum), or esophagus due to damage from stomach acid.

Types of Peptic Ulcers

1. Gastric ulcer – Occurs in the stomach.

1. Duodenal ulcer – Forms in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).

1. Esophageal ulcer – Develops in the lower esophagus.

Causes

The main causes of peptic ulcers include:

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection – A bacteria that weakens the stomach lining.

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – Long-term use of aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen can damage the stomach lining.

• Excess stomach acid – Caused by stress, smoking, alcohol, or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (a rare condition).

• Smoking and alcohol consumption – Can irritate the stomach lining and increase acid production.

Symptoms

• Burning or gnawing stomach pain, often between meals or at night.

• Bloating, nausea, or vomiting.

• Heartburn or acid reflux.

• Dark, tarry stools (a sign of internal bleeding).

• Unintentional weight loss.

Diagnosis

• Endoscopy – A camera is inserted into the stomach to check for ulcers.

• H. pylori test – Blood, breath, or stool tests to detect bacteria.

• Barium swallow X-ray – A contrast dye is used to highlight ulcers on X-ray images.

Treatment

1. Medications

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (Omeprazole, Pantoprazole) – Reduce stomach acid.

• H2-receptor blockers (Ranitidine, Famotidine) – Lower acid production.

• Antibiotics – If H. pylori infection is present.

• Antacids – Provide temporary relief by neutralizing stomach aci

• Lifestyle Changes

• Avoid NSAIDs, smoking, and excessive alcohol.

• Eat smaller, frequent meals.

• Reduce stress and practice relaxation techniques.

Complications (if untreated)

• Bleeding ulcers – May cause vomiting blood or black stools.

• Perforation – A hole in the stomach lining, which is a medical emergency.

• Obstruction – Swelling or scarring can block food passage.

Peptic ulcers are treatable, and most heal within a few weeks with proper medication and care.

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