Psoriasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition that causes red, scaly, and itchy patches on the skin. It occurs when the immune system triggers an overproduction of skin cells, leading to rapid buildup and inflammation. Psoriasis is not contagious but tends to be a lifelong condition with periods of flare-ups and remission.
Types of Psoriasis
There are several types of psoriasis, each with distinct symptoms:
Plaque Psoriasis (Psoriasis Vulgaris) – The most common type, causing red patches with silvery-white scales, usually on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back.
Guttate Psoriasis – Small, drop-like red spots on the skin, often triggered by infections like strep throat.
Inverse Psoriasis – Smooth, shiny red patches in skin folds such as under the breasts, armpits, or groin.
Pustular Psoriasis – White pus-filled blisters on red, inflamed skin, usually affecting the hands and feet.
Erythrodermic Psoriasis – A rare and severe form that causes widespread redness, shedding, and severe itching or burning. It requires urgent medical attention.
Causes & Risk Factors
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells. This leads to rapid skin cell production, causing scales and inflammation. Common triggers include:
- Genetics – Family history increases risk.
- Immune system dysfunction – Overactive T-cells attack skin cells.
- Infections – Strep throat, skin infections, and respiratory illnesses can trigger flare-ups.
- Stress – High stress levels can worsen symptoms.
- Weather changes – Cold, dry climates often worsen psoriasis.
- Certain medications – Beta-blockers, lithium, and anti-malarial drugs may trigger or worsen the condition.
- Skin injuries – Cuts, burns, or sunburns can lead to new psoriasis patches (Koebner phenomenon).
- Obesity – Increases the risk of inverse psoriasis.
Symptoms can come and go, with flare-ups lasting for weeks to months before improving.
Treatment Options
Psoriasis treatment focuses on reducing symptoms, controlling flare-ups, and preventing complications.
Complications of Psoriasis
If left untreated, psoriasis can lead to:
Psoriatic arthritis – Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling.
Cardiovascular disease – Increased risk of heart disease.
Depression & anxiety – Due to self-esteem and emotional distress.
Metabolic syndrome – Higher risk of obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
Eye problems – Uveitis (eye inflammation) in some cases.
Prevention & Long-Term Care
Stay hydrated – Drinking enough water helps keep skin healthy.
Get sunlight in moderation – Natural sunlight can improve symptoms but avoid sunburns.
Regular follow-ups – Work with a dermatologist to manage flare-ups.
Exercise regularly – Helps reduce inflammation and improves overall health.
Prognosis & Outlook
Psoriasis is a lifelong condition, but with proper treatment, flare-ups can be managed effectively. Some people experience long periods of remission, while others have frequent recurrences. Newer biologic therapies have significantly improved the quality of life for many psoriasis patients.