Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and stiffness. Unlike osteoarthritis, which is due to wear and tear, RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the joint lining (synovium), causing inflammation and joint damage. It can also affect other organs, such as the skin, eyes, heart, and lungs.
RA symptoms often develop gradually and worsen over time. They can include:
Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the morning (lasting more than 30 minues)
Swollen, tender, and warm joints (often affecting both sides of the body)
Fatigue and weakness
Fever and weight loss
Deformity of joints in severe cases
Other organ involvement, such as dry eyes, lung issues, and heart problems
The exact cause of RA is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetics, immune system dysfunction, and environmental factors.
🔹 Genetics – Family history may increase the risk.
🔹 Gender – Women are more likely to develop RA than men.
🔹 Smoking – Increases the risk and severity of RA.
🔹 Obesity – Extra weight puts stress on joints.
🔹 Infections or stress – May trigger immune system dysfunction.
RA is diagnosed through a combination of:
🩸 Blood tests – Check for inflammation markers (C-reactive protein, ESR) and autoantibodies (Rheumatoid Factor, Anti-CCP).
📸 Imaging tests – X-rays, MRIs, or ultrasounds to detect joint damage.
🩺 Physical examination – Doctor assesses swelling, tenderness, and range of motion in joints.
There is no cure for RA, but treatments can control symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life.
💊 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – Reduce pain and inflammation (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen).
💊 Corticosteroids – Fast relief from inflammation but should be used short-term.
💊 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) – Slow disease progression (e.g., methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine).
💊 Biologic therapies (Biologics & JAK inhibitors) – Target the immune system to reduce inflammation (e.g., adalimumab, tofacitinib).
🏃 Exercise – Low-impact activities like swimming, walking, and yoga help maintain flexibility.
🍎 Healthy diet – Anti-inflammatory foods (fish, nuts, leafy greens) and avoiding processed foods help manage symptoms.
❄️ Hot & cold therapy – Heat relaxes muscles, and cold reduces swelling.
🧘 Stress management – Meditation and relaxation techniques help reduce flare-ups.
